In 1973, the Australian novelist Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his novel "The Eye of the Storm." At the ceremony in Stockholm the novelist was honoured for his "epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature." This was undoubtedly true and White's achievements have been followed by a new generation of novelists, poets and dramatists: Peter Carey, David Malouf, Les Murray, to name only a few. Patrick White's award has always seemed to Australians to have tremendous significance, perhaps because it put to rest internationally the old colonial worries about whether Australians were capable of producing truly great art. However, there has always been a problem for contemporary Australian literary studies in its lack of any sense of a tradition predating our modern writers. It is as if we Australians did not begin to write about our experiences until the middle of this century. There were, of course, important writers before and contemporary with Patrick White, and he himself named a number as worthy of the acclaim surrounding his own work. But leaving aside the debates and concerns about what constitutes "great art" and "great literature", there is a more "archaeological" approach to a nation's literary output, and one that is peculiarly amenable to electronic forms of publication and dissemination. This approach is evident in the creation of a database at the University of Sydney Library - The Australian Literature Database: A Collection of 18th 19th and 20th Century Australian Texts.

Internet technology together with the SGML based XML language family provide means to develop technical customer document management in inter-organisational industrial projects. The purpose of this exploratory study is to describe the characteristics of an inter-organisational industrial project, the problems related to the management of technical customer documentation and the possibilities of the new information technology to solve some of the problems. The model for technical customer document management in an inter-organisational network is presented. The model indicates that more precise investigation is needed and that future research should concentrate on developing systematic extranet and intranet design methodology which focuses on link management.

If one compares the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the time of its recognition as an independent state (March 1, 1992) to the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement (November 15, 1995), in terms of oppositions, focusing on the areas of life covered by the most commonly-used "buzz words", the following list could be proposed: • United Europe vs. fragmented Bosnia and Herzegovina; • Free travel, mobility of people, goods, money vs. ghetto, siege and divided cities; • Human rights, especially minority rights issues vs. genocide and ethnical cleansing; • Information highways vs. total collapse of basic telecommunications infrastructure; • Revival of multicultural vs. the killing of traditionally the only multicultural country in Europe; • Democracy vs. War A complete list of what has been tragically destroyed is almost impossible to compile. According to the World Bank estimates (from 1995), war damage totaled 27 to 29 billion $, causing a decrease in GNP from $ 1,500 per capita in 1991 to $ 330 in 1995 and an estimated $ 540 in1997. This contribution will seek to be a case study and to describe specifics of the situation, war time developments, obstacles and steps needs to be taken in the areas of traditional media (newsprint and publishing), electronic media (radio, television), information highway Internet development, electronic publishing, and cultural heritage, focusing especially on libraries. These areas are closely related. We cannot discuss democracy without taking into account the means and communication channels that democratic development delivers and modifies. Being a trained librarian by profession, I hope that you will understand that traditionally the librarian's best friends are books. Paper, microfilmed, or digital, it makes no difference in terms of the cultural and educational background and backbone of the society.

The transition from traditional, paper-based publishing to electronic publishing presents many challenges for publishers and their constituents. Among the most significant are those that concern linking to articles that are available online and citing of articles that are now published online prior to (or even in lieu of) the final pagination and binding of paper issues. The solutions to these problems will have a great impact on the usability of the scholarly electronic corpus for the research community. In particular, the solutions must be easy to use, persistent, and scalable. Here we examine some pragmatic solutions (in use now) that satisfy these criteria and contrast them with other proposed solutions. The examples are drawn mainly from the experiences of the American Physical Society, but the lessons gleaned will have wide applicability.

Automating the process of term recognition and classification is important for digital libraries. Automatic Term Recognition (ATR) has many applications in areas related to dig- ital libraries, e.g. information retrieval and extraction from the web, summarisation, machine translation, dictionary construction etc. Automatic term classification attracts the interest of researchers following the steps of ATR. By automatic term classification we mean the grouping of terms into sets whose elements share conceptual properties. In this paper we present C-value/NC-value a method for the automatic extraction of terms, and its further use for the recognition of similarities between them, to be used for them classification.

"As we prepare to enter the twenty-first century, the world faces two important challenges to both its political stability and its potential for sustainable growth. The first is the growing gap between the science-rich countries of the North and the science-poor countries of the South in the production and use of scientific and technological knowledge. The second is the increasing complexity of the problems whose solution, drawing on such knowledge, is needed to achieve equitable, environmentally sustainable, development".2 This sentence, written recently by M. Hassan, Executive Director of the Third World Academy of Sciences, contains a series of statements that are not any more surprising to us; they have virtually become commonplace and thus run the well known risk of losing their effect despite the fact that they describe a terrible reality. It is particularly remarkable to read that the disparities are becoming larger, the gap is growing, the complexity is increasing, and that such sentences are found not only in the present context, but whenever a realistic description is made of almost any aspect of the contemporary world and the dynamics of globalization, be it nutrition, income, education, ....

As we move into the new millennium it is difficult not to fall into a predictive state of mind. To do this effectively, one needs to look back in order to look forwards in any informed manner. What follows then is a view of the role of the digital library couched in terms of an examination and explication of the part of such a library that I have built at the University of Virginia. The Electronic Text Center, by now a mature service and an ingrained part of our library system, works well as a testing ground for larger digital library issues and definitions. We are variously partners, publishers, researchers into issues and librarians serving a user group which is rapidly diversifying and whose expectations rise constantly. As I look to our achievements and ambitions, and to those of colleagues in other digital libraries, I see the potentials greatly outweighing the pitfalls in the fledgling digital libraries and electronic publishing houses, but both exist in abundance.

The publishing industry like many other industries has not escaped the impact of information technology in both the production and distribution of the information it creates. From earliest DTP techniques to the selling of books over the internet and the publishing of electronic journals the publishing industry has readily accepted technological innovation. Many publishers are now ready to embrace the potential of the web as a method of publishing and distribution rather than as a purely marketing tool. The main aim of this paper is to suggest an appropriate business model which will enable commercial electronic publishing to occur via the internet. When this model is in place it is likely that the traditional print information chain, will be redefined, the main changes occurring at the distribution and delivery level. However the end-user input also changes as electronic commerce provides the user with the ability to purchase smaller customised fragments of information sometimes directly from the source, i.e: the content creator. Although copyright and security are crucial to developments in this area, the paper does not attempt a detailed discussion of these issues and readers should refer to Swindells et al (1998).Likewise this work does not attempt to provide a detailed history of the publishing industry or of the internet. There are software applications which facilitate electronic commerce transactions, however this paper is concerned with the development of an appropriate model which could be adapted to the electronic publishing industry and not a discussion of software packages. The paper commences with a brief definition of electronic commerce. The relationship between electronic commerce and electronic and on-line publishing is discussed. Current models of internet commerce are presented in order to form a basis for an appropriate business model. This paper defines the traditional information chain in the print publishing context and attempts to define changes in the information chain arising from application of electronic commerce in the electronic and on-line publishing industries. There is a slight bias toward the academic environment as this is the area most familiar to the author.

The paper reviews information and communication technologies as new tools in cultural representation and knowledge management, addresses issues of persuasion and engagement with the new media, explores ways on how to construct three-dimensional interfaces that are easy to use and navigate. These main issues are addressed in discussing the design of cultural interface 'Virtual exhibition of Lithuanian Cultural Heritage' (a Millennium project). Also, the paper reviews new and multi-media as tools in communication and knowledge management and focuses on new media's potentials and challenges, such as virtual realities and cyberculture.

One of the greatest effects of the digital media and Internet is the birth of a new political sensibility that extends beyond the boundaries of the local politics. Recent studies show that the digital citizens are more optimistic, tolerant and committed to change. And they vote. They vote for a more democratic society. It is not a surprise that the digital media are getting more attention by the participants in the arena of politics. But the true effect of electronic publishing in post-communist countries is still obscure and in need of scientific investigation. The question whether the positive effects of its technologies can overcome the deeply rooted totalitarian forces can only be answered via qualitative and quantitative analysis of the problem, and then conclusions about patterns can be drawn.

The Y2K and HTML crises have lead to a more mature engineering practice of knowledge tools, Information Portals and to the professions of information architects and information builders. We give a short state-of-the-art report on these issues and some pointers to the future.

In 1994, Martin Bangemann, then Vice-President of the European Commission, gathered a group of high level industrialists to try and formulate a strategy for a European way to the Information Society. The group gave clear indications: leave to the private sector a leading role for infrastructure, applications and content. The public sector has to facilitate the trans- formation of industry and consumers in three ways: create a vision, establish a clear, predictable and stable regulatory framework, e catalyse the experimentation. These complimentary roles have been at the root of the European policy to support the development and competitiveness of European industry since. In this paper the focus is not infrastructure development, but rather on multimedia content, a key sector for Europe, both in economic and social terms (see Table 1).

The paper commences with a briefing on the state of telecommunications in developing countries, Nepal being the prime example. The paper goes on to examine the procedures followed to establish Nepal Internet Users' group(NIUG); a non-profit NGO established to facilitate access to internet technologies through intranet in a cost-effective manner. In establishing this network, the group was assisted by the Electronic Networking Project of the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)—a project funded by International Development Research Center (IDRC), Canada and responsible for establishing NepalNet , a group of development organisations through which a joint home page was registered on the worldwide web. The backward and forward linkages are explored—and this includes the difficulties of establishing IT networks in countries in which governments maintain a monopoly on telecommunication facilities. How these were overcome, the equipment acquired, and the partnerships formed are all given a place in this paper. The paper concludes with a brief on costs and the plans for the future, especially the role of IT in development research.

The state-of-the-art of electronic publishing in science and its nearest perspectives with the emphasis on technical issues are discussed. The discussion is based on the real-life activities of the author and his colleagues in publishing online journals (http://eos.wdcb.rssi.ru/) and the creation of an integrated electronic publishing environment. The EP environment includes a full set of technologies and tools for preparation of papers from manuscript to print and online versions, including online submissions, peer-review process, updating and revising papers, back- and forward referring, TeX to HTML conversion with hyperlinking based on automatic syntax analysis, etc.

This paper summarizes the findings of a two-year study of digital image distribution and publication, focusing on the Museum Educational Site Licensing Project (MESL). This study (Besser & Yamashita 1998) evaluated the costs, infrastructure, and efforts involved in implementing the MESL project, as well as user reaction to functionality. The study also examined costs of running analog slide libraries and compared these to costs and functionality associated with digital image distribution. The MESL Project was the first US attempt to take a collection of images and accompanying metadata from a variety of museums and publish these in digital form on campus networks. It was a two-year experimental collaboration among seven museums and seven universities that distributed over 9,000 digital images and associated text for classroom use. The study discusses cost-center models for looking at the distribution of digital and analog images, including creating digital images and metadata, mounting and distributing digital images, maintaining a distribution house, running a slide library, and an analysis of hybrid image libraries. It presents a comparison of user interfaces and search engines from the MESL universities. It also reports on the results of focus groups discussing faculty adoption of digital images for classroom use.

With the demand for electronic products and desktop access in the past 5-8 years, information providers have had to reorganize their operations to manage and produce digital versions of their publications. They have had to develop new formats and new interfaces while also refocusing business plans to establish new pricing models and collaborative partnerships. Managing these types of fundamental changes to their business has entailed use of project management as well as new product development processes. Unlike the mature medium of print on paper, publishing in a non-print environment requires established processes of product development and requires expertise in the appropriate management of those cycles. But publishing organizations, at the beginning of this decade, had little familiarity with such cycles as applied to the electronic environment. For print, there was a standard production process for taking an item from manuscript to bound volume or in the instance of secondary bibliographic resources, from published source to full bibliographic citation and abstract entry. But since the burgeoning of the scholarly literature since World War II, these processes had become well-known and expertly done by most organizations in the publishing community. Conversant with the information requirements of the professional and scholarly research communities, the Institute for Scientific Information® (ISI®) produces highly-acclaimed Web environments for tools which facilitate serious research at the desktop. In building those environments, like so many other content providers, ISI had to establish new or modify existing processes for conceiving, planning, developing and testing a product prior to commercial release. The context in which this process was developed mirrors the changes at large in the publishing and information industries between the period between 1993 and today.

The evolution of the WWW has opened the way to putting information at the fingertips of the whole world with very little effort. As the amount of information available grows, there is an ever increasing demand for personalized information. In this paper, we present some ideas that we are developing in the project "El Periotrónico", where we take a new approach to electronic newspapers. We are taking advantage of new Web technologies such as XML, XSL or DOM to personalize both a newspaper's content and interface layout according to users' preferences. Keywords: XML; XSL; WWW; e-journalism; personalization.

Internet based services, particularly asynchronous communication services, offer an environment suited to the rise of knowledge communities. Knowledge communities, or invisible colleges, have existing for a long time, but have not always had efficient ways of communication. Knowledge communities are heavily dynamic and are always changing in their composition and also in each member interests. The intersection of the interests of a given number of elements creates the environment for the rising of a community. Nevertheless, this community will benefit not by the intersection but by the union of knowledge of these elements. On the other hand, multiple overlapping communities are generated and one persons set of interests includes some intersection with the interests of several knowledge communities. These communities are rather fluid and dynamic and the old processes for scholarly com-munication don't seem to fairly represent these properties. Digital Libraries projects keep appearing throughout the world. Paper printed journals and proceedings are beginning to be also distributed electronically. Online scientific journals are starting to be taken seriously by scientists and by some of the major scientific publishers. Nevertheless, online documentation per se doesn't address the dynamic behavior of knowledge communities. Also, the problem of the undiscovered public knowledge (as called by Don Swanson) still tends to remain unattended. Most of the times we have been using old processes to solve new problems. In our opinion, to address these issues, an online scholarly publication should have the following goals: 1. Promote the generation of knowledge communities composed of elements coming from different scientific communities - promote interdisciplinarity assuming it is a key factor on discovering public knowledge, 2. Promote, develop and maintain the communication between elements of a knowledge community, 3. Narrow the gaps between, and integrate as much as possible, formal and informal communication. In this paper we present our research project on online publishing of a scientific journal, we discuss some issues related with knowledge communities and scholarly communication, and we propose a set of characteristics an online scientific publication should have in order to accomplish the aforementioned goals.

ELPUB:1999

Print on demand in Sweden is nothing brand new. The technique has been used by publishers and printers for several years, but until two years ago almost never for the open book market. This use of print on demand is still only in the beginning of its development. When starting my investigation of Swedish printing on demand last year in March,1 I could find one (1) Swedish project marketing and selling print on demand produced books on the Internet. Today there are four similar projects and one more is taking shape as I speak. Even though these four projects in motion have not got more than a year to produce and make progress, I think it is possible to discover some trends. In this paper I intend to present some background material about Swedish print on demand, some facts about the four projects and their production and finally some of my thoughts about the future of print on demand in Sweden. Note that a updated version of this paper is available at: http://www.kur.se/aktuella-skrifter.html#Peurellpod

We live in a time of change in the scholarly journal industry. This change predates the arrival of electronic publishing, but the increase in new technologies has accelerated many of its aspects. Indeed, many of the latest advances in e-journals have only been made possible by the development and adoption of new technologies such as multimedia personal computers, the Internet and World Wide Web, Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF) and so on. Such new technologies follow broadly predictable life-cycles which influence their adoption rates. What does the literature of technology life-cycles have to say about e-journals and how can it help us plot their future? This paper starts by considering technology life-cycles and adoption rates in general. Next it considers product and process innovation. It then looks at these life-cycles in the personal computer industry, before concluding by considering the implications of these concepts for e-journals in the near to mid-term.

Project Runeberg has been publishing Nordic literature on the Internet since 1992. The project is based at Linköping University, Sweden. In the fall of 1998 a series of experiments were conducted to shift the project from e-text to facsimile images of text pages. The benefits and drawbacks of this shift are evaluated in this paper, and a cost model is presented together with some design decisions and implementation details.

Considers why, after nearly twenty years of development, the electronic publishing model has not replaced the paper based model for academic journals. Gives three insights that attempt to explain this: the first is the 'means-end' confusion of commercial publishers, the second is the failure to realise it is the purpose not the form that is important about the current journal model, and third is the failure to recognise that a net-based replacement for the journal does not necessarily need a publisher. Finally some 'ground rules' to be used when thinking about, or designing, any future electronic publishing model are proposed.

The first electronic Economics preprint appeared in 1993. Since then the growth has been dramatic as the use of the World Wide Web has exploded. RePEc has been instrumental in facilitating access to Economics preprints and in bringing order to the chaos that the WWW frequently represents. In a related effort S-WoPEc provides user friendly tools for adding data to the RePEc system. While this is significant in itself it has also been instrumental in fulfilling S-WoPEc's second goal–to provide increased exposure to Swedish Economics research.

As academia progresses towards the 21st century, increases in student numbers, distance learning, changes in copyright licensing and lack of funding means that academic institutions have to look more closely at the use of electronic resources in order to meet these challenges. The "wired campus" and "virtual university" mean more users looking for electronic resources and increased pressure on libraries to provide these services. The development of electronic journals in the early 1990s and the onset of electronic publishing appeared to be a solution to the problem. Journals could be stored electronically thereby saving space, the risk of lose, theft or damage is lessened and costs where significantly reduced. Electronic journals have become an increasingly important part of academic library collections, however they have not proved to be the panacea the profession hoped for. Electronic journal useage has created a new set of issues such as archiving, copyright, cataloguing, site licensing, remote access, hardware requirements and journal design. There are many stakeholders involved in the selection of electronic journals within academic libraries from librarians, to users and publishers. This paper attempts to raise awareness of some of the issues which will have to be considered if scholarly electronic journal publishing is to develop over the next decade. The content and ideas presented in the paper are derived from research undertaken in the area for a student Masters dissertation.

Lancaster has been looking forward to paperless scholarly communication since 1976 but more recently the terms "virtual library", "digital library" and "hybrid library" have been coined, and we can begin to conceive of a new library-concept within not too many generations. Lancaster (1994) has also speculated on what will be meant by collection development by the year 2025, and has cited Dowlin who wrote of the need to move the library from a "fortress" model to an "information pipeline" model. Any such model would have to embrace the electronic forms of today's paper-based publications.

The SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online Project (www.scielo.br) is becoming a common model for the cooperative publishing of scientific and technical electronic journals in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Since its launch in March 1997, promoted by a partnership pilot project led by FAPESP (www.fapesp.br), BIREME (www.bireme.br) and a group of Brazilian scientific editors, the SciELO Model was already adopted by Chile, and there are several ongoing initiatives that lead us to expect that five more countries will adopt SciELO during 1999. By the end of the year 2000, it is expected that at least 100 journals will be published under the SciELO Model throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. The SciELO Model aims at the operation of electronic libraries of scientific journals on the Internet. It comprises two major components: the methodology for electronic publishing, and the Internet site that actually operates the journal collections.

In the field of electronic publishing, encyclopedias represent a unique sort of text for investigating advanced methods of navigation. The user of an electronic encyclopedia normally expects special methods for accessing the entries in an encyclopedia database. Navigation through printed encyclopedias in the traditional sense focuses on the alphabetic order of the entries. In electronic encyclopedias, however, thematic structuring of lemmas and, of course, extensive (hyper-)linking mechanisms have been added. This paper will focus on showing developments, which go beyond these navigational structures. We will concentrate on the semantic space formed by lemmas to build a network of semantic distances and thematic trails through the encyclopedia.

The Internet Library of Early Journals (ILEJ) owes its existence to the UK Higher Education Libraries Review, chaired by Sir Brian Follett, the report of which appeared in 1993. The "Follett Report", as it is generally called1 , discussed the implications of information technology in enhancing the work of libraries and proposed a programme of development in key areas of IT within the higher education library sector. These included electronic publishing (including digitisation), on-demand publishing, electronic reserves, resources access and document delivery. Approximately £15 million was made available over 3 years for phases 1 and 2 of the programme, and institutions were invited to bid for funding to finance projects within these areas. The ILEJ project resulted from a successful bid to the eLib programme by a consortium formed by the Universities of Oxford, Leeds, Manchester and Birmingham. The aim of the project as stated in the bid was to enhance usage of the holdings of research libraries by creating electronic copies of their contents, and to provide user access to a corpus of digitised images from three 18th- and three 19th-century journals. The intention was to provide a critical mass of material, and to investigate the technologies involved in producing such an extensive archive of digitised images.

The Scholarly Link Specification (S-Link-S™) Framework has been proposed as a possible approach towards a solution to the reference linking problem. S-Link-S provides a language for specifying URL generation formulae, and a metadata vocabulary for describing linkable scholarly internet resources. In this paper, I describe the origin of this approach, outline the architecture of the prospective system, and describe the implementation environment. Keywords: linking, RDF, XML.

The SuperJournal research project evaluated the usage within UK academia of a set of electronic journals made available through a bespoke electronic journal application via the World Wide Web. This paper describes the data handling processes which comprised the production system required to import publisher supplied journal data into the SuperJournal application. In particular, it focuses on the exploitation of SGML to implement scaleable data handling processes. Data supplied to SuperJournal encompassed multiple publishers' SGML DTDs. Also described is journal article metadata display, and enhanced end-user functionality in electronic journal articles such as "forward" and "backward" citation reference chaining, again implemented via SGML translation.

The research project currently in progress aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of the childrenís multimedia publishing industry in the UK and the challenges of adapting to change for publishers who have entered the multimedia market in the 1980s and 90s. The preliminary findings of research which includes a questionnaire and several case study interviews on UK publishers producing multimedia for children are described. These pointed to a number of factors which appear to be critical to the success of publishers entering the market: * modification of corporate culture, internal structures and processes * branding of the companyís chosen multimedia identity * focusing on the added value element of multimedia products * promotion of organisational learning, innovation and creativity within the company * sourcing necessary skills effectively

Etymologically speaking, the word 'democracy' originates in the Greek language and means 'the people's government'. It is related to a political regime that is based on the people's sovereignty. To 'democratise', in its turn, means 'to make accessible to all classes of people; to make popular'. In this context, it seems to be very easy to make a link between democracy and the Internet, the world-wide network that has transformed the physical boundaries in the globe into mere geographical reference points. Apparently, at least, the use of the Internet may lead to the democratisation of information, as such a network makes the information that is available in electronic format widely accessible to everyone. Nevertheless, there may be some requirements for one to benefit from such access. The democratisation of information does not seem to be just a question of computer and network availability. It implies, among other things, literacy, but it even means something more than that.

The Department of Information Science at Loughborough University has carried out several user studies on electronic journals in recent years, including the ELVYN and Cafe Jus projects. We now report on two large-scale surveys carried out in mid 1998 to early 1999, with which this department was associated. The first was conducted under contract to the UK government's Department of Trade and Industry between April and December 1998, and involved a questionnaire survey to all UK-based publishing enterprises, to investigate their intentions and expectations about electronic publishing; over 1,000 responses were achieved. These results provide an authoritative picture of the British publishing industry's views about the potential commercial prospects for electronic publishing. A subset survey looked specifically at the responses that came from scholarly journal publishers, and the results from this group are compared and contrasted with those from the overall group of publishers.

There seems to be a general belief among Internet users that it is a particularly democratic kind of activity. How true is this, more especially in terms of electronic publishing? The problem in seeking an answer is that 'democracy' means different things to different people. Its meaning not only varies from country to country, but even within a single country it can have different flavours. For example, a summary of the definition given in the Oxford English Dictionary might be: 'that form of government in which power resides in the people as a whole and is exercised either directly by them, or by officers elected by them. It is often used more vaguely to denote a social state in which all have equal rights, without arbitrary differences due to rank or privilege'. Other sources put it rather differently. For example, the Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought says, in summary: 'Democracy is the right of all to decide what are matters of general concern. A further criterion is the extent to which basic rights (e.g. freedom of speech) are guaranteed'.