The objective of our research is to create a universal tool for recommending non-visited interesting web pages as well as experts working in the same field of specialty. We accentuate practical adaptability of user profiles. User profiles are generated on the basis of Suffix Tree Clustering (STC) algorithm, which is similar to creating an inverted list of phrases occurring in a document collection. We are computing similarity of characteristic phrases identified by STC in order to find clusters of phrases. Phrases linked by similarity relationships form a phrase association graph. Clusters of phrases generated by our tool define interests of each user. We have tested the system by means of various document collections, such as Reuters Corpus Volume One – RCV1, 20Newsgroups, CTK – Czech Press Agency and Reuters-21578. Experimental results based on our extensive simulations as well as real-life environment are presented in the paper. Precision of our recommender system is 85 to 95 %.

Universities and other institutions related to education are investing time and resources in E-learning initiatives. This leads to an increasing number of course offers in E-learning format. There are environments, called Learning Management Systems (LMS), designed to help teachers in the management of their courses. Basically a LMS provides functionalities to manage student records, to facilitate communication between students and between students and teacher, to control accesses and produce statistics, schedules, evaluation and an open platform to help teachers make lecture content available online. However they do not dictate what kind of technology or format should be used to prepare those contents. Although this issue can be seen as an advantage in certain contexts it leads to a format anarchy and makes support for content production impossible. Here is where ADRIAN comes into the scene providing support for content production. ADRIAN is composed by several components: one component to help producing lessons and lab guided sessions; one component for the production of tests and exams; one component to support the production of multimedia presentations; and one component to generate interfaces that integrate all the material produced (content parts) by the other components or developed elsewhere by the teacher. The whole system is being developed with XML (eXtended Markup Language) using descriptive markup for content, and related technologies like XSL (eXtended Stylesheet Language) for content transformations. This way we ensure the portability and platform independence of the system. The last mentioned component, the integration component, is based on ontologies; the user is asked to define an ontology for his course. After that the system generates automatically the web interface that integrates all the courseware components. We start by describing the ADRIAN architecture (a more detailed description was published at M-ISCTE conference) and then we present the Tests and Exams Production application. The main idea behind Tests an Exams is that structure is not free. This ADRIAN’s component enforces a specific structure specified in an XML Schema. This is the way to achieve normalization in the content production. However to convince teachers to use we provide all the editing and transformation tools. The user only has to use an interface to introduce content. After that the system takes care of the electronic publishing: producing paper and web versions and in this case (tests and exams) managing the interaction between students solving the online exam and the system. In this paper we characterize the different kinds of exams and present the steps towards the XML Schema definition. Then we describe this application lifecycle and the implementation we have.

This article tries to show the advantages of an alternative way for the publication of manuscripts, that is, the Metajournal. It is based on the following idea: authors of scientific journals can submit an abstract to this facility and editors and referees can routinely scan the Metajournal to find out good manuscripts. On the hand they can get in touch with the authors to publish the manuscript and on the other hand the author can freely choose the most adequate journal in which publish his or her research. As a result of this, a new role may appear in science, that is, the journal scanner or journal scout. However, The metajournal can also be used for those manuscripts that were rejected by journals. The editor of the journal that rejects a manuscript has the possibility to send it to The Metajournal, in this way it is available not only for editors and referees but for everybody.

Throughout an entire decade, the Internet has brought unmanageable amounts of information to the average user’s fingertips. Since this growth will only continue, it is vital that users are supported in converting this universe of information into improved productivity and opportunity instead of being swamped and paralyzed. Failing to address information overload will cost enterprises and individuals money, often in ways that are not easily measured: Costs that result from lowered productivity and from mislead business decisions. To really satisfy user needs and restricted budgets, the myriads of information need to be structured and organized in an intelligent and user-oriented way. Technically, appropriate architectures to integrate existing archives with an intelligent news retrieval engine are to be developed. The research approach in the discussed OmniPaper project is investigating ways for drastically enhancing access to many different types of distributed information resources. The key objective is the creation of a multilingual navigation and linking layer on top of distributed information resources in a self-learning environment, thus providing a sophisticated approach to manage multinational news archives with strong semantic coupling, delivering to the user more than the sum of the individual service features.

The communication and information technologies allow the documentation centers, libraries and other information units providers the recording and dissemination of its information. These initiatives were employed in an autonomous manner. As a result, the final users found difficulties in the full access to these information sources. If on the one hand, these technologies facilitate to information providers the record and dissemination in digital format and on the World Wide Web, on the other hand, they also facilitate the development of patterns and protocols which allows the integration of databases. In this context, the Open Archives Initiative was implemented to establish patterns and ideals, which allow the integration of information databases. This initiative came to be initially with the purpose of presenting a new alternative in scientific communication. However, the established patterns may also be used as a tool for the integration of remote databases, reason by which the Brazilian Institute of Information in Science and Technology(IBICT) has been continuously researching and adapting them to the country needs concerning the integrated dissemination of Scientific and Technological Information. The first initiative of IBICT using these patterns was the development and implementation, in the country, of the Digital Library of Thesis and Dissertations (BDTD). This experience demonstrated the potential of these patterns and ideals created by the Open Archives Initiative, because, besides the established patterns having allowed the integration of different initiatives by the Digital Library of Thesis and Dissertations already developed in the country, even the BDTD may be integrated to two similar international initiatives the Networked Digital Library of Thesis and Dissertation (NDLTD) and the Universidad de Chile. This one implements another model of Digital Library, as Cyberthesis, developed by the Université Lumiére, which also uses the Harvesting Protocol from the Open Archives Initiative.

A current issue in the media industry is coping with the effects of convergence. The concept of convergence is frequently used both in the academic field and within the media industry to denote the ongoing restructuring of media companies as well as to describe the latest developments in media forms, distribution, and consumption. However, there is currently no generally accepted definition of the concept. Depending on the context, the meaning and connotations vary. Some researchers suggest that convergence is a result of a change toward a more modern media society while others treat the concept as denoting the actual process toward a more efficient management of the media value chain. This paper discusses various definitions of convergence, both in a historical perspective and as it is used and understood in contemporary media and communications research, one aim being the evaluation of how the meaning of the concept has evolved during the past decade. The study is based on literature research and one conclusion is that convergence is a process dependent on current circumstances within society. The use of the concept has therefore developed from being mainly connected with digitalization in media technology to also include elements of integration, combination, competition and divergence. This paper suggests that convergence should be seen as an ongoing process of media and media industry development that is dependent on and in continuous interplay with a contrasting and complementary process, that of media divergence.

The problem addressed in this study is to investigate how digital science and technical information produced and used by brazilian government research institutes has been preserved and what kind of digital preservation strategies can be proposed. It presents the results of an exploratory study from a Doctoral dissertation research being developed at the Department of Information Science at the University of Brasilia, Brazil.

In this paper we present the steps followed in a project called DigitArq that aimed at building a centralised repository for archival finding aids. At the O’Porto’s District Archive, finding aids existed in several different formats and media. Migration was used to convert all the finding aids into a single normalised format based on an international standard – EAD/XML. After migration, archival management software was developed to maintain the collected information and assist archivists in the creation of new finding aids. Archival finding aids are described by hierarchical structures which can easily be described with XML but present interesting issues while using Relational Databases. The relational data model employed is described in detail.

The paper intends to present eABC – Scientific Publications Bibliographic Archive of University of Aveiro’. It describes the motivation that induced its implementation, advantages for users and for all those whom the system serves. Some of the systems functionalities will be presented, along with a description on how to use them. Finally, the current status of the system - as it is being used by the University of Aveiro - will be presented, with the addition of an explanation on how this system helps in the creation of mechanisms that enable the adaptability and flexibility of systems to improve the scientific community dynamics.

In many scientific disciplines proceedings of conferences are essential for scientists and scholars to keep informed about the results of current research. Online accessible conference proceedings are gradually replacing the traditional paper-based proceedings. This paper presents the principles and functioning of P-Web, an online publishing tool for conference proceedings, which aims at supporting the quality of scholarly communication and the scientific process in general. In the context of an ever increasing emphasis on online scientific publishing, P-web can help conference organizers and presenters by making their work available for a wider audience. P-Web can optimize and enhance the findability and reuse of online conference proceedings. P-Web catalogues the conference papers that can be found in the different institutional repositories of the participating authors. P-Web harvests the metadata records from the institutional repositories according to the OAI protocol. Since in this protocol only a minimal metadata set is assumed, enrichment of this set with additional metadata is indispensable. Basic conference details need to be entered by the conference organizers who want their online proceedings to be exposed via P-Web. By enrichment of the harvested metadata set, PWeb is an interface between data providers like institutional repositories and subject-oriented repositories on the one hand and for example awareness services like ISI’s Current Web contents and INFORMS Online on the other. P-Web is both a service provider and an intermediate data provider. It has been developed as an open source product by the Erasmus University Rotterdam and the University of Twente, The Netherlands, within the Digital Academic Repository program (DARE).

The journal Ciência da Informação is presented in an entirely electronic version, using as a tool the software Open Journal Systems (OJS), developed by Public Knowledge Project (PKP), translated and customized by the Brazilian Institute for Information in Science and Technology (IBICT).

The present work describes the adaptation to Portuguese of the Open Journal Systems (OJS), a software applied to the administration of the editorial process of electronic journals, developed by the Public Knowledge Project (PKP), of the University of British Columbia, Canada. The customization resulted in the ELECTRONIC JOURNAL PUBLISHING SYSTEM (SEER), which has become part of the Brazilian Digital Library (BDB) project of the Instituto Brasileiro de Informação em Ciência e Tecnologia (IBICT/MCT). One of IBICT’s main goals to develop systems based on the Open Archives Initiative, promoting free, democratic, and open access to cientific and tecnological production in Brazil.

Electronic publications have proven to be crucial for supplying the scientific community with up-todate research results and instruments for both education and research. Present work summarizes the experience of development and maintenance of two natural science oriented servers and their integration with related databases and web-resources. The Russian network for natural sciences pursues the aim of providing the scientific society of the CIS states with high quality tools for peerreviewed scientific publishing in Russian and other languages with full public availability and an open archive of handbooks and textbooks on geology and physics. Web-based software for scientific calculations, forums, various information services and an ample catalogue of related scientific resources combined with search and classification tools are also presented on the Network. Search forms for geology and physics resources freely distributed among interested third-party sites and means of mutual information exchange based on XML serve the aim of deep integration of scientific resources. Designed and launched with the support of Moscow State University in 1997 and 2000 respectively, the Geo.Web.Ru and Phys.Web.Ru servers provide users with thousands of scientific and popular books, articles and sketches on physics (over 2,200 documents) and geology (over 4,700 documents). The servers are by now among the top-ranked resources for Russian-speaking scientific auditorium according to usage statistics.

This paper reports the results of a research project, sponsored by CNPq – the Brazilian Council for the Development of Science an Technology -, which develops an evaluation methodology for the emerging Brazilian ejournals in science and thecnology. In Information Science, citation is a traditional measure of prestige for a scientific journal. Brazilian ejournals are a recent reality in Brazilian Web scenario. One of the main barriers to increase their use by the Brazilian academic community is the lack of systematic evaluation, like that provided by ISI’s impact factor. The proposed methodology were based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the links to the site of the ejournal, obtained by submitting its URL to Google search engine. The methodology considers not only the number of links directed to a site, but also the existence of qualitative links, those of “authorities” sites in an specific knowledge area, and those of non-Brazilian institutions. “Authorities”, in Brazilian scientific scenario, are considered sites of institutions like specialized or academic libraries, sites of scientific or professional associations and sites of important post-graduate programs in a specific area. NonBrazilian sites were also considered qualitative links, because they indicate the achievement of an ejournal. These different kinds of links were weighted and used to calculate a grade to an ejournal site, as an indicator of its relevance in a knowledge area. The methodology was first tested and fine tuned in Information Science area and then applied to Brazilian ejournals of several knowledge areas.. This paper reports the results and discusses future developments such as how the methodology could be automated and made available through a web site, having as input URLs of e-journal sites and URLs of community agreed “authorities” sites in a given area. This proposal, in the scope of Brazilian public policies concerning scientific and technological information, could constitute a cooperative evaluation web resource to the Brazilian scientific community, in addition to other resources like the SciELO gateway (http://www.scielo.br) and the CAPES scientific journals gateway (http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br).

This paper discusses the logistics of the submission and review process of conference entries by means of a “free”, web-based application. In the framework of the SciX-project - an acronym for “Open, self organising repository for scientific information exchange”, SOPS (“SciX Open Publishing Services”) has been developed. The SciX-project framework has already been elaborated in the ELPUB 2002 contribution and on the occasion of ELPUB 2003 the creation of a Digital Library for ELPUB was presented. An outline of SOPS as an publishing aid for conference organizers will be worked out in this paper, using the case study ofthe IAPS 2004 conference. The SOPSconference application provides the functionality to support the organisation of a conference. It handles the registration of participants, submission and reviewing of abstracts, full-paper submission, reviewing and publishing. By means of other SOPS-services already a repository with previous conference papers has been realized for the IAPS-association.

The scientific journal has been greatly affected by the advent of its online digital accessibility. It is the priority publication medium for scientific communication, one of the document categories where changes in the electronic format uncover an extensive action, different from traditional practices. The extensive communication — a.k.a. the emblematic model of network interactions — comes as much in new forms of document production, as well as in the organization of the technical landscape in which scientific information adapts to flexible and unstable forms. Gradual changes (in support, format, content, and publication type) were observed in 400 online electronic journals, being all by main international publishers, as made available at CAPES portal (www.periodicos.capes.gov.br). The portal offers access to the complete text of a lot of publication, encyclopedias, databases, etc., supplied by editors and international distributors. In all the platforms we can find specific search tools that make possible bibliographical searches, alert services and other products and services, as well as information of technical and scientific interest. A data collection was assembled through a checklist for 70 variables, and the results were inserted in a spreadsheet for an initial analysis. Afterwards, data were cross-examined through the use of the SPSS software for statistical analysis. This investigation has shown that the new format stands out through the insertion of tools and services, strengthening extensive communication by means of interactivity, hypertextuality, and hypermediation, a. k. a., the main distinctive features of the electronic format. After technological resources mature the online format, they establish a new perception of the journal contents. The variables were grouped according to their pertinence to the studied aspects in the electronic format, and were expressed in percentage ratios. The results display the dependence of the electronic on the printed format. By combining all the variables once again to measure the levels of interactivity, hypertextuality, and hypermediation, journals were grouped by platform (i. e., the online publishing base as, for example, Scielo, Science Direct, Gale, OVID, etc.) to test for interactivity, hypertextuality, and hypermediation levels among platforms. The descriptive measures of indexes were first calculated: average, standard deviation, minimum value, maximum value, percentage ratios — among other data — to confirm level variations of each one of the characteristics among the platforms. Observing the grouping by platform, the results have shown evidence that a direct relationship (in other words, the most interactive groups are not necessarily the most hypertextual or hypermediatic ones) does not exist among the three characteristic features of the online electronic format. The online journal is using a communication in a differentiated dimension from the traditional system. The performance of the journals was also evaluated comparatively among platforms. At this stage in the evolution of electronic publishing, serious experimentation is needed. Models like CAPES Portal should be developed, allowing for continued expansion and enhancement of scholarly communication.

This article presents a framework for a XML based search system composed of three layers: data layer, logic layer and presentation layer. In all three layers XML related technologies are used to store, search, transport and present information like Native XML Databases, Web Services and XSLT. Two examples of an implementation of a XML based search system are presented and compared, one based in open-source tools and another in a commercial suite. The open-source system uses XIndice to store the XML information and JAVA technologies to create the Web Services and the presentation while the commercial system uses Microsoft IndexServer with a XML Filter to analyze the XML Information and the .NET framework to create the Web Services and presentation of the information. Both systems have strengths and weaknesses that are presented in this article.

This paper presents future scenarios of use and design of the e-newspaper, i.e. the newspaper on epaper. These scenarios are based on experiences from prototyping e-newspaper interfaces and from a survey with newspaper designers and management. The findings show e.g. that the design from the printed edition and the functionality of the online newspaper were considered preferable attributes for the e-newspaper, and that mobility, interactivity, adjustment for special target groups and personalization were the most frequently suggested functionalities. Several issues regarding navigation, pagination, structure and overview were discussed during the prototyping, leading to layout suggestions for a one page 5.8 x 8.2 inches display with navigation both on the hardware and in the graphical user interface. Pagination was considered important as well as the ability to estimate the amount of content of the e-newspaper, and the possibility to return to the page from which an article was chosen to read. From the findings three future scenarios are proposed, for a) senior citizens in sparsely populated areas, b) business travelers, and c) young early adopters.

Information Society Technologies (IST) funded Omnipaper project, proposes to investigate efficient ways to enable an access to distributed, and heterogeneous digital news archives through the use of state-of-the-art technologies such as RDF, and XTM. In the Omnipaper project we intend to achieve the implementation of a final prototype that enables users (professional journalists and occasional users) to have simultaneous and structured access to the articles of a large number of digital European news providers. This paper proposes to describe the work developed in the Omnipaper RDF prototype focusing the use of the IPTC Subject Codes in order to incorporate a semantically enriched navigation layer onto an RDF/XML metadata descriptions developed in the RDF prototype.

The administration of electronic publication in the Information Era congregates old and new problems, especially those related with Information Retrieval and Automatic Knowledge Extraction. This article presents an Information Retrieval System that uses Natural Language Processing and Ontology to index collection’s texts. We describe a system that constructs a domain specific ontology, starting from the syntactic and semantic analyses of the texts that compose the collection. First the texts are tokenized, then a robust syntactic analysis is made, subsequently the semantic analysis is accomplished in conformity with a metalanguage of knowledge representation, based on a basic ontology composed of 47 classes. The ontology, automatically extracted, generates richer domain specific knowledge. It propitiates, through its semantic net, the right conditions for the user to find with larger efficiency and agility the terms adapted for the consultation to the texts. A prototype of this system was built and used for the indexation of a collection of 221 electronic texts of Information Science written in Portuguese from Brazil. Instead of being based in statistical theories, we propose a robust Information Retrieval System that uses cognitive theories, allowing a larger efficiency in the answer to the users’ queries.

Traditionally, the interaction between government agencies and citizens or companies was made in governmental buildings, where a public employee receives all the requests. This scenario is gradually changing and evolving because of the rapid growth of use of new communication technologies. Thanks to this, the government-citizens interaction has been moving to considerably closer to the citizen, and sometimes it takes place on his home or working place via his personal computer and the internet. This paper explains two initiative of the Portuguese government in shortenning the distance between the government and the citizens: allowing a fast access to information on parliamentary initiatives that concern the creating, changing or extinguishing villages, towns, cities, districts or other administrative areas, and enabling the consulting of the current Portuguese Constitution online, with the possibility to navigate within their reviews, enabling the consult of every article that is (or was) active at a given time. The focus of this paper is implementation issues on both initiatives, from the projects specifications until their delivery to the Portuguese Parliament.

The IST-funded European project OmniPaper is investigating techniques to obtain a novel online news experience. These include XML- and Artificial Intelligence related technologies. The OmniPaper architecture starts from distributed news archives, all within different operating environments, database formats and indexing mechanisms. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is used to create a uniform access method to these archives. Rich indexing and meta-data structures, such as Topic Maps, make intelligent search possible. A cross-archive intelligent index (or ‘knowledge layer’) contains concepts, relationships between them and occurrences (articles) in different languages. The actual OmniPaper prototype gives the user a graphical relational view on concepts relevant to the current query. The relation view is a representation of a small piece of the web of concepts. Using this highly interactive view, the user can refocus his query using different word senses of the query keywords. This allows the user to redefine/refine his query if one of the query keywords has different possible meanings (e.g. bank as a financial institution or as a piece of furniture). The relational view allows the user to navigate between different concepts relevant to the query.

In this paper we describe the implementation of the Minho University (UMinho) Institutional Repository (RepositóriUM), Portugal. UMinho translated and has been using the first Portuguese version of DSpace, an Open Source software system developed in a partnership of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Hewlett-Packard (HP). The five phases established for the implementation plan are pointed out in this work (1. installation, translation, and configuration; 2. upload of thesis and dissertations; 3. establishment of pilot communities; 4. making the repository public, and 5. opening to the overall UMinho community), as well as, the reasons that led to the choice of the six pilot communities of different areas of knowledge (Information Systems; Polymers Engineering; Biological Engineering; Management, and one from the Humanities and another from the Social Sciences areas) to participate in this implementation period. In this paper we wish to share the lessons learnt, and the pathways for research, in particular for cross-cultural research, according to some questions and observations obtained during the first 10 months of experience. With this information as a background, some research pathways have been identified and are starting to be further developed in the context of MSc or PhD research at UMinho.

This study analyses the appropriation process of electronic journals by academics at three Brazilian post graduation research programs (Master and Doctoral). The objective is to understand the internal structure of technological practices in the context of potential users, exploring two main characteristics of the appropriation process: the duality and the flexibility of technology. The technological structuring model, proposed by Orlikowsky was expanded to verify the relationship between electronic journals and scientific communities. Results reveal electronic journals as both product of and medium for human action. As a product, technology only comes into existence through creative human action. It has no meaning until given meaning through manipulation; as a medium, technology promotes certain types of work and constrains others (duality). When interacting with electronic journals, academics showed to be influenced by the institutional properties of their setting. They based their action on existing stocks of knowledge and resources and norms to perform their work. As such, electronic journals are products of the organisational context, and will reflect the knowledge, materials, interest, and conditions present at a given locus. Electronic journals are flexible in the sense that they allow more than one interpretation. i.e., their concept vary according to the individual conditions of interaction.

This paper introduces a new technology of information systems creation based on the declarative descriptions of document collections in RDF. This approach is intended to improve the quality of information published on Web and the interaction between various web-applications. In this framework a model of the document generation is presented, a pictorial example is provided. The benefits and disadvantages of this technology in comparison with traditional XML-based approaches are discussed.

This paper reports partial results of a research project, sponsored by CNPq – the Brazilian Council for the Development of Science and Technology -, grant number 550693/2002-5, for the period of 2003/2006. It aims to develop a comprehensive framework of the Brazilian electronic journals in Science and Technology situation. With the facilities for web publishing electronic journals, the first difficulty faced by the research was to identify the majority of the Brazilian ejournals in Science and Technology, due to the lack of a centralized bibliographic control information resource. An extensive research on the Web had to be done in order to map Web sites of ejournals. Besides the use of bibliographic control devices like the SciELO portal (http://www.scielo.br), which holds a collection of more than 100 ejournals, and LatinIndex portal (http://www.latindex.org), with more than 300 ejournals - including those held by SciELO -, Google and AltaVista search engines were used to identify the sites of Brazilian ejournals.. Queries were submitted to those search engines like “Brazilian Journal of”, “Brazilian Archives of” etc, to identify additional ejournal sites. In each site, information about each ejournal was gathered, and stored in a database, according to its knowledge field, the kind editor, publication currency, technological aspects such as electronic text formats used, availability of a site search engine, if the ejournal belongs to a portal. The universe of Brazilian ejournal seems segmented. It varies from high quality and consolidated ejournals — which are originated from printed journals and are published by high-tech portals like SciELO —, to emerging ones — without printed version, recently set up ejournals-, produced by research groups which could take the benefits of the facilities of publishing in an university or research institute web servers; this universe also encompass different knowledge fields, with predominance of ejournals in health and biological sciences. After this initial phase, a qualitative research had to be carried out, based in questionnaires sent to the ejournals editors by email. Questionnaires were sent to each specific segment of the Brazilian ejournals universe. Questionnaires asked for information relative to ejournal business model, difficulties to maintain the currency of the ejournal, existence of long term preservation policies, use of metadata standards, troubles faced at the set up of an ejournal. All this information is being compared with the Brazilian public policies relative to information in Science and Technology.

Personalization was a hype in the late 1990s. Several organizations offered (and are still offering) personalization services for their customers. From e-commerce applications we know that people are willing to provide their names and other personal data if they know exactly how this information is used. Many of us are using different Digital Libraries on a regular basis. If our interests change, we have to update all profiles stored at these different server systems. This task is time consuming and error prone. Since there is no single Digital Library which covers all information-resources a user needs, there is a need to exchange personal data (especially personal interests). In this article we will show that user-profiles are important to satisfy users’ needs, which information about users should be stored in profiles. Just parts of the profile must be shared with other service providers. It will be shown, that it is not possible to predict usage of properties. Therefore the user itself must decide which properties may be shared with others and which properties should not be accessible by certain services.

Zarnegar (gold writer) is a word processor widely used by publishers of both scholarly journals and books in Iran. Although it is gradually substituted by Word for Windows that is much more powerful than Zarnegar, the process seems to be slow and most Iranian publishers still prefer to receive manuscripts in Zarnegar than Word. There are many reasons for this preference: Word, though having many great features such as compatibility with other Windows applications and especially with Word Wide Web (WWW) is poor in terms of Farsi, the official language of Iran. The main reason for this poorness is that Farsi versions of Word are in fact Arabic versions. Zarnegar has been developed by Iranians familiar with Farsi script and acts more conveniently than Word in Farsi writing. The fonts employed in Zarnegar are mostly Farsi and seem to be more beautiful than Word due to the tradition of calligraphy among Iranians. Some fonts in Word employ Arabic letters that are not used in Farsi. This feature is of much dislike between Iranians using it. The author, when finished translating an English book into Farsi, confronted some problems when trying to prepare the index to the book. When providing an index to a translated book, the logical criterion to select the entries of the translated index is to base them on the entries of the original language index. Therefore, the entries of the original index were translated, and then rearranged in Farsi alphabet in another file When the task of allocating the page numbers to Farsi entries began by using the “Find” option under the “Edit” menu in Zarnegar, the different equivalents selected in each chapter for a single concept and not found totally by searching under the same term, showed up as the first major problem. The second major problem encountered was the similarity between the concepts used both in a very specific sense as well a general sense. The latter increased irrationally the number of pages containing some entries. Since the book translated was on the theoretical as well as practical aspects of library services, the word “use” was an example of problems caused by the similarity of words that have both specific and general meanings in library and information science context. Some suggestions are provided in the article as to how to start the task of translating the book by first translating the index into Farsi, providing an English-Farsi dictionary as well as a Farsi-English one for frequent reference to them in order to find selected equivalents, how to allocate page numbers while using the Farsi-English dictionary to provide the final Farsi index and how to overcome the problems mentioned above.

This paper presents some requirements for a new ontology-based authoring environment. By analyzing some systems that use ontologies for several tasks, we identified some features and purposes and showed how they can contribute to help define a new authoring environment based on ontologies to represent information before a document is published. The systems analysed fulfil specific tasks such as semantic annotation, visualization, document review and argumentation, information extraction and text engineering. By identifying some key features, it was clear that none of the tools could deliver the solution as a whole, but the integration of similar purpose tools into an interoperable environment can be a great contribution to ontology-based authoring environments. Even though Semantic Web technologies have revealed a trend in the use of ontologies for information processing, yet substantial work needs to be done to gather these initiatives in order to build an interoperable new authoring environment that takes advantage of present and new technologies.

While electronic publications can greatly increase a university community’s access to information, they also pose many challenges to the libraries charged with collecting and managing them. In the print environment, libraries purchase and own content in perpetuity, while in the electronic environment, they generally lease access to content for limited time periods on a subscription basis. This paradigm shift, often referred to as the “ownership vs. access” model, has profound consequences. The leasing of information is frequently governed by a license agreement entered into by the library and a publisher or vendor. As license agreements are contracts, and, in the United States contract law supersedes existing law such as U.S. Copyright Law, license agreements have the power to undo a user community’s rights to use information in ways long assumed in the print environment. Publishers and libraries must work together to negotiate agreements that benefit both. Beyond the development of fair license agreements, e-publishers wanting to market to academic libraries should design their products in ways that allow them to be easily integrated into a libraries greater e-collection and infrastructure. Today, many libraries are implementing products that integrate their individual esubscriptions, allowing interlinking of abstracting and indexing databases with full-text sources, and providing the ability to search across multiple databases simultaneously. Publishers must also work collaboratively with libraries to address the issue of archiving in the electronic environment. The libraries role to continue to collect and preserve the history of our society is uncertain in the digital world, where most libraries are as yet unprepared and unequipped to systematically handle large volumes of electronic content. Even where they are able to do so, the contracts governing use of electronically published materials frequently forbid libraries from duplicating their content for archival purposes. For usability, e-publications need to be designed with levels of granularity that provide the ability to link directly to the article level in journals is essential. Article level linking is necessary for libraries to effectively integrate various systems via link-resolvers and course management software. Both publishers and libraries need to be able to collect information about the use of their e-content, so the development of standards for usage statistics must be achieved. In order to manage their e-collections, libraries need to be able to collect usage statistics, just as they collect and analyze circulation statistics for their print collections. A new international Code of Practice, developed by COUNTER, is gaining wide international support by librarians and e-publishers, as well as they professional organizations, and libraries are increasingly asking their e-publishers to be COUNTER compliant.

In this presentation are explained, the reasons (increase the users subscribed to a newspaper), the definition of the road to be followed (personalisation of content), the means to achieve this with a print newspaper (use of PDFs on the Web), the technical processes involved (documentary, relational and PDF repository data bases), and the important marketing data obtained along the lines of “marketing-driven journalism”.